Developing second hand battery packs in the off-grid energy sector

There is currently no infrastructure to support li-ion battery recycling in sub-Saharan Africa.  Logistical complexity and associated costs make it difficult for solar distributors and recyclers to send batteries abroad. As a result, companies store stockpiles of Li-ion batteries at their end-of-life. On top of that, battery operation is dependent on the weakest cell in the pack, if one cell fails, the whole battery pack fails and is considered non-functional. […]